## 5.43. binary_tree

Origin

Derived from $\mathrm{𝚝𝚛𝚎𝚎}$.

Constraint

$\mathrm{𝚋𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚛𝚢}_\mathrm{𝚝𝚛𝚎𝚎}\left(\mathrm{𝙽𝚃𝚁𝙴𝙴𝚂},\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\right)$

Arguments
 $\mathrm{𝙽𝚃𝚁𝙴𝙴𝚂}$ $\mathrm{𝚍𝚟𝚊𝚛}$ $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}$ $\mathrm{𝚌𝚘𝚕𝚕𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗}\left(\mathrm{𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡}-\mathrm{𝚒𝚗𝚝},\mathrm{𝚜𝚞𝚌𝚌}-\mathrm{𝚍𝚟𝚊𝚛}\right)$
Restrictions
 $\mathrm{𝙽𝚃𝚁𝙴𝙴𝚂}\ge 0$ $\mathrm{𝙽𝚃𝚁𝙴𝙴𝚂}\le |\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}|$ $\mathrm{𝚛𝚎𝚚𝚞𝚒𝚛𝚎𝚍}$$\left(\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂},\left[\mathrm{𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡},\mathrm{𝚜𝚞𝚌𝚌}\right]\right)$ $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}.\mathrm{𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡}\ge 1$ $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}.\mathrm{𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡}\le |\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}|$ $\mathrm{𝚍𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚒𝚗𝚌𝚝}$$\left(\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂},\mathrm{𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡}\right)$ $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}.\mathrm{𝚜𝚞𝚌𝚌}\ge 1$ $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}.\mathrm{𝚜𝚞𝚌𝚌}\le |\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}|$
Purpose

Cover the digraph $G$ described by the $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}$ collection with $\mathrm{𝙽𝚃𝚁𝙴𝙴𝚂}$ binary trees in such a way that each vertex of $G$ belongs to exactly one binary tree (i.e., each vertex of $G$ has at most two children). The edges of the binary trees are directed from their leaves to their respective root.

Example
$\left(\begin{array}{c}2,〈\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡}-1\hfill & \mathrm{𝚜𝚞𝚌𝚌}-1,\hfill \\ \mathrm{𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡}-2\hfill & \mathrm{𝚜𝚞𝚌𝚌}-3,\hfill \\ \mathrm{𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡}-3\hfill & \mathrm{𝚜𝚞𝚌𝚌}-5,\hfill \\ \mathrm{𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡}-4\hfill & \mathrm{𝚜𝚞𝚌𝚌}-7,\hfill \\ \mathrm{𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡}-5\hfill & \mathrm{𝚜𝚞𝚌𝚌}-1,\hfill \\ \mathrm{𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡}-6\hfill & \mathrm{𝚜𝚞𝚌𝚌}-1,\hfill \\ \mathrm{𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡}-7\hfill & \mathrm{𝚜𝚞𝚌𝚌}-7,\hfill \\ \mathrm{𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡}-8\hfill & \mathrm{𝚜𝚞𝚌𝚌}-5\hfill \end{array}〉\hfill \end{array}\right)$

The $\mathrm{𝚋𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚛𝚢}_\mathrm{𝚝𝚛𝚎𝚎}$ constraint holds since its second argument corresponds to the 2 (i.e., the first argument of the $\mathrm{𝚋𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚛𝚢}_\mathrm{𝚝𝚛𝚎𝚎}$ constraint) binary trees depicted by Figure 5.43.1.

Typical
 $\mathrm{𝙽𝚃𝚁𝙴𝙴𝚂}>0$ $\mathrm{𝙽𝚃𝚁𝙴𝙴𝚂}<|\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}|$ $|\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}|>2$
Symmetry

Items of $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}$ are permutable.

Reformulation

The $\mathrm{𝚋𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚛𝚢}_\mathrm{𝚝𝚛𝚎𝚎}$ constraint can be expressed in term of (1) a set of ${|\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}|}^{2}$ reified constraints for avoiding circuit between more than one node and of (2) $|\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}|$ reified constraints and of one sum constraint for counting the trees and of (3) a set of ${|\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}|}^{2}$ reified constraints and of $|\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}|$ inequalities constraints for enforcing the fact that each vertex has at most two children.

1. For each vertex $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\left[i\right]$ $\left(i\in \left[1,|\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}|\right]\right)$ of the $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}$ collection we create a variable ${R}_{i}$ that takes its value within interval $\left[1,|\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}|\right]$. This variable represents the rank of vertex $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\left[i\right]$ within a solution. It is used to prevent the creation of circuit involving more than one vertex as explained now. For each pair of vertices $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\left[i\right],\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\left[j\right]$ $\left(i,j\in \left[1,|\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}|\right]\right)$ of the $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}$ collection we create a reified constraint of the form $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\left[i\right].\mathrm{𝚜𝚞𝚌𝚌}=\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\left[j\right].\mathrm{𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡}\wedge i\ne j⇒{R}_{i}<{R}_{j}$. The purpose of this constraint is to express the fact that, if there is an arc from vertex $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\left[i\right]$ to another vertex $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\left[j\right]$, then ${R}_{i}$ should be strictly less than ${R}_{j}$.

2. For each vertex $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\left[i\right]$ $\left(i\in \left[1,|\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}|\right]\right)$ of the $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}$ collection we create a 0-1 variable ${B}_{i}$ and state the following reified constraint $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\left[i\right].\mathrm{𝚜𝚞𝚌𝚌}=\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\left[i\right].\mathrm{𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡}⇔{B}_{i}$ in order to force variable ${B}_{i}$ to be set to value 1 if and only if there is a loop on vertex $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\left[i\right]$. Finally we create a constraint $\mathrm{𝙽𝚃𝚁𝙴𝙴𝚂}={B}_{1}+{B}_{2}+...+{B}_{|\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}|}$ for stating the fact that the number of trees is equal to the number of loops of the graph.

3. For each pair of vertices $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\left[i\right],\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\left[j\right]$ $\left(i,j\in \left[1,|\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}|\right]\right)$ of the $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}$ collection we create a 0-1 variable ${B}_{ij}$ and state the following reified constraint $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\left[i\right].\mathrm{𝚜𝚞𝚌𝚌}=\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\left[j\right].\mathrm{𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡}\wedge i\ne j⇔{B}_{ij}$. Variable ${B}_{ij}$ is set to value 1 if and only if there is an arc from $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\left[i\right]$ to $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\left[j\right]$. Then for each vertex $\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}\left[j\right]$ $\left(j\in \left[1,|\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}|\right]\right)$ we create a constraint of the form ${B}_{1j}+{B}_{2j}+...+{B}_{|\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}|j}\le 2$.

generalisation: $\mathrm{𝚝𝚛𝚎𝚎}$ (at most two childrens replaced by no restriction on maximum number of childrens).

specialisation: $\mathrm{𝚙𝚊𝚝𝚑}$ (at most two childrens replaced by at most one child).

Keywords
Arc input(s)

$\mathrm{𝙽𝙾𝙳𝙴𝚂}$

Arc generator
$\mathrm{𝐶𝐿𝐼𝑄𝑈𝐸}$$↦\mathrm{𝚌𝚘𝚕𝚕𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗}\left(\mathrm{𝚗𝚘𝚍𝚎𝚜}\mathtt{1},\mathrm{𝚗𝚘𝚍𝚎𝚜}\mathtt{2}\right)$

Arc arity
Arc constraint(s)
$\mathrm{𝚗𝚘𝚍𝚎𝚜}\mathtt{1}.\mathrm{𝚜𝚞𝚌𝚌}=\mathrm{𝚗𝚘𝚍𝚎𝚜}\mathtt{2}.\mathrm{𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚎𝚡}$
Graph property(ies)
 $•$$\mathrm{𝐌𝐀𝐗}_\mathrm{𝐍𝐒𝐂𝐂}$$\le 1$ $•$$\mathrm{𝐍𝐂𝐂}$$=\mathrm{𝙽𝚃𝚁𝙴𝙴𝚂}$ $•$$\mathrm{𝐌𝐀𝐗}_\mathrm{𝐈𝐃}$$\le 2$

Graph class
$\mathrm{𝙾𝙽𝙴}_\mathrm{𝚂𝚄𝙲𝙲}$

Graph model

We use the same graph constraint as for the $\mathrm{𝚝𝚛𝚎𝚎}$ constraint, except that we add the graph property $\mathrm{𝐌𝐀𝐗}_\mathrm{𝐈𝐃}$ $\le$ 2, which constraints the maximum in -degree of the final graph to not exceed 2. $\mathrm{𝐌𝐀𝐗}_\mathrm{𝐈𝐃}$ does not consider loops: This is why we do not have any problem with the root of each tree.

Parts (A) and (B) of Figure 5.43.2 respectively show the initial and final graph associated with the Example slot. Since we use the $\mathrm{𝐍𝐂𝐂}$ graph property, we display the two connected components of the final graph. Each of them corresponds to a binary tree. Since we use the $\mathrm{𝐌𝐀𝐗}_\mathrm{𝐈𝐍}_\mathrm{𝐃𝐄𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐄}$ graph property, we also show with a double circle a vertex that has a maximum number of predecessors.

The $\mathrm{𝚋𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚛𝚢}_\mathrm{𝚝𝚛𝚎𝚎}$ constraint holds since all strongly connected components of the final graph have no more than one vertex, since $\mathrm{𝙽𝚃𝚁𝙴𝙴𝚂}$ $=$ $\mathrm{𝐍𝐂𝐂}$ $=$ 2 and since $\mathrm{𝐌𝐀𝐗}_\mathrm{𝐈𝐃}$ $=$ 2.